Osmoregulation in Fish Essay

Osmosis in the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. It occurs from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration. The control of water balance in animals is known as osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism. The body fluids of a salt water fish are hypotonic (higher in water concentration) compared with the surrounding sea water – the sea water is therefore hypertonic. Because of this they constantly lose water by osmosis through its selectively permeable gill and gut membranes. To replace its loses and maintain its water balance, the fish drinks the sea water. The chloride secretory cells in the gills of the fish actively secrete the excess salt – gained from drinking the sea water – back out into the sea by an energy requiring process known as active transport, against a concentration gradient. The kidneys of salt water fish only contain a few small glomeruli, which results in a low filtration rate of blood and only a small volume of urine being formed. In addition, salt water fish convert their nitrogenous waste to a non-toxic form, trimethylamine oxide, which requires minimum amount of water for its removal. Over millions of years of evolution, fresh water fish have adapted to carry out osmoregulation. The body fluids of a fresh water fish are hypertonic compared with the surrounding water and therefore they constantly gain water by osmosis. Fresh water fish gain water through the lining of their stomach and their gut – the same as salt water fish. In order to maintain a water balance, fresh water fish have to constantly remove excess water. Their kidneys possess a number of adaptations which make the constant intake of water easy to cope with; their kidneys possess many large glomeruli allowing rapid filtration of the blood and the tubules reabsorb mineral salts from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream, resulting in a large volume of very dilute urine. Using chloride secretory cells in their gills, fresh water fish area able to actively uptake mineral salts from the water which are lost in the urine.

Social and Economic Impact on Managerial Education Solutions Research Paper

Social and Economic Impact on Managerial Education Solutions - Research Paper Example A most vital element of the study in manager decision is considered with the economic view on the decision concern. In accordance with this viewpoint, self-attracted peoples are synchronized throughout the employment of, typically financial, rewards and punishments. We could observe obviously at this time that a viewpoint on manager decision is created on a commencement of human nature; in the economic viewpoint, this would be the self-attracted rational individual. On the origin of this economic viewpoint, several appliances and techniques were elaborated ahead. In the precedent few decades, four advancements were pointed out in a study that could not be gathered effortlessly by the neo-classical as well as new-institutional economics supported perception on manager decision. A lot of experiential studies demonstrate that the running methods for managing a hospitality industry are established to vary from the resolutions agreed by the economic viewpoint. First, manager decision does not depend exclusively on financial rewards other than also on other variables, for instance, civilizing components, grouping belongings, and precedent decisions. Second, the function of rule-following attitude for manager decision was pointed out. It appears to be significant whether novel decisions contest the choices that previously subsist in a hospitality industry. How do you mingle the numerous possessions in a hospitality industry, similar to human personnel and intelligence, assets, industrial capacities and financial wealth? Certainly, this is one of the fundamental questions of trade, hospitality industry, and economics. Within the sphere of this problem there is another query: how do we create peoples effort together in such a method that hospitality industrial objectives are provided? On a yet more exact stage, we have the question: how could we create self-attracted peoples with deviating objectives work together? And lastly, we could pose: what financial rewards and punishments constrain objective resemblance within a hospitality industry? These are questions that are intimately connected to a lot of beginning of education decision.

Book critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book critique - Assignment Example Content Summary The book "The 5 Love Languages of Teenagers: The secret to Loving teens effectively" by Gary Chapman deals with teenagers and the bond they share with their parents. Teenage is a time of life at which an individual is establishing his moralities, social beliefs and personality. Therefore children in their teens need their parent’s support, acceptance and unconditional love. Teenagers are vulnerable to negative and accusing words; instead they require words of affirmation and affection. Spending quality time with your teenagers and having real conversations is vital and so is to give your free acts of service. Parents should give thought to their child’s mood and preferences and should show patience when anger comes along, to win with their children ultimately by making them see reason. But in the view of the author the most significant of all things is to keep loving your children unconditionally, that is to show your support even when they fail to come up to your expectations1. Evaluation "The 5 Love Languages of Teenagers: The secret to Loving teens effectively" by Gary Chapman is a manual to parent child relationship when the child hits his teens. It looks into the matters of routine relationships and gives cause to make them special. It does that by giving counsel to parents such as when teenagers’ provide the parents with a cause of ceremony; they should celebrate it with gifts and praise. A particularly neglected idea when it comes to respect child’s want for independence was emphasized that the teenagers should start being given suitable responsibilities so that they might not feel their lives to be useless. The book also devotes some chapters for times when trouble in the life of teenager or the parent child relationship occurs. For example it gives excellent advice upon times when your child is not being the communicative type, and parents are having a hard time understanding the root of his problems. In addi tion it has helpful advice for single parents, who are the neediest cases. Looking into cons, the book fails to address (at large) teenage children who have a natural inclination towards law breaking and misconduct or have fallen into seriously bad company. Overall the book is a gain to youth ministry because it delves into teenage psychology to a great extent and provides reasonable solutions to the underlying intricacy. â€Å"Middle School Ministry Made Simple† by Kurt Johnston Author Information Kurt Johnston is working for junior high ministry from late 1980’s; to be specific he is the junior high Pastor at saddleback church in southern California. He has written a couple of books on the request of Standard publishing. His first book was â€Å"Controlled Chaos: Making Sense of Junior High Ministry†, whose upgraded version is presented in his new book "Middle School Ministry Made Simple†. He lives at Lake forest, California with his wife Rachel and his two children Kayla and Cole. Content Summary The book "Middle School Ministry Made Simple† and its author Kurt Johnston believe in the reforms that the junior high school world has been through and think it important to change the strategies to run junior high schools accordingly. The book provides a guideline on recruiting volunteers and the role they can play in middle school ministry by emphasizing on taking in a number of volunteers but

Argument for Right for Gays to Adopt in Virginia Essay

Argument for Right for Gays to Adopt in Virginia - Essay Example In today’s society, there are more than 500,000 foster children waiting to be placed in stable, caring homes (Ruggeri, 29). There is a shortage of people who fit the broader social norm, this being the heterosexual individual or couple, to assist in the adopting process. Because of different political and social division that is present in society, many homosexuals are not given the opportunity to adopt these foster children or any other youths that have been put into the adoption system. Homosexuals, whether coupled or living in individual households, often face pressure from defiant ethical supporters and their social peers because of their lifestyles. When coupled with laws designed to prevent them from attaining equal status, offering themselves as potential parents for awaiting children becomes a significant uphill battle. The division that exists in society about the validity of homosexuals’ claims that they can be stable parents can be witnessed in the many different laws designed to prevent adoption by this social group. For example, a 2006 constitutional amendment banned same-sex marriage in Colorado with similar constraints in Indiana (Padgett, 51). In more progressive states, such as Connecticut and New Jersey, civil unions are allowed under law but are given considerable limitations compared to their heterosexual counterparts (Padgett). These laws, and many others which ban civil unions act as the foundation for why homosexuals are not considered qualified or capable parents for volumes of children looking for support and stability. In homosexual households consisting of two partners, it has been argued by many that extending same-sex marriage rights would tend to normalize the household for potential adopted children.  

On time plz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On time plz - Essay Example Supervisors and managers are under the scope of responsibilities of HR professionals insofar as overseeing the accomplishment of their respective tasks in view of the overall accomplishment of organizational goals. A job is a group of positions having similar or related duties and responsibilities. The tasks and responsibilities of each group are distinctly different from those of other groups. (Martires 446) Before hiring workers, available jobs have to be classified and corresponding job information described mainly in terms of duties and responsibilities. The concept of culture in organization is critical since it influences the philosophy and practices of management which works through people. It is vital that managers understand the people’s values, beliefs, needs and motivation. Managing corporate culture is a skill which every top officer should learn since culture change is a complex and long process involving coordinated efforts by top leadership which is very visible to their subordinates. Executives must change their behavior and through role modeling send signals to their constituents. If the culture is not what the organization members want, it can be turned around to fit the mission and vision, strategy, structure, resources and technology of the organization. The well run corporations have developed cultures that are distinctive and responsible for creation, implementation and maintenance of their world leadership positions. In this regard, all phases of operations, strategy and staffing, and organizational culture have to be considered by human resources for the efficient and effective accomplishment of organizational goals. Part 4: You are the HR staffing specialist at a very successful 25 year old company that manufactures home entertainment products: HDTVs, home-theatre equipment, etc. The manager of the marketing division has just left

Environmental Toxicology. Oil Spills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Toxicology. Oil Spills - Essay Example The catastrophe instantly hit the dwellers of neighboring regions as about 6000 metric tons of oil were observed along the beaches in Mexico and even the United States, and the rest of the oil sank to the bottom of the Gulf. It resulted in a drastic reduction (up to 70 percent) of amount of fish as was marked by the locals (Arne, 1981). This predictably had an impact on economical life of the region as most of the dwellers earned their living by fishing. Miglierini (2010) in his article claims that a number of factors decreased harmful consequences substantially. Among them it is possible to name high sea temperatures, which contributed to faster oil diffusion, and the flows in the part of the sea. Nevertheless, the long-term effects of the oil spill can still be witnessed in Mexico. According to Arne (1981), the decline of flora and fauna in the tidal zone was marked by reduction of certain species of crabs and fish as well as extinction of several species of algae, sea grasses, and corals. Due to its chemical toxicity (in the vicinity of the well) and through its physical properties (stickiness) the oil from the Ixtoc I blow-out acutely affected the species by changing their distinctive properties in the Campeche Bay area. Even after three decades the remnants of the oil spill linger in water an on land: it is possible to find tar mats (almost the same materials as the asphalt on the highways) among the reefs. Despite scientific e vidence, dwellers of the area are persuaded that strange black formations of coagulated oil noticed along the coast are the heritage of the catastrophe on Ixtoc I (Miglierini, 2010). Moreover, the most unpleasant evidence were contamination of brooks and sandy bays which resulted in decrease in reproduction of certain species of fish and birds. Nevertheless, few decades later the scientists marked the populations of endangered species

Access to Bank Credit to Small and Medium Enterprises Essay Example for Free

Access to Bank Credit to Small and Medium Enterprises Essay Finance function is the most important of all business functions. It remains a focus of all business activities. Financing SMEs has acquired enormous importance in contemporary world of finances. This is primarily due to the national focus and priority of various countries developed and developing ones as well. In the Sri Lankan context , the government has provided impetus to the authorities to increasingly cater to the emerging financial needs of the SMEs. Bank and Institutional finance are expected to be made available on easy and flexible terms and conditions and on priority basis. Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs) are hit by poor access to funds. This can be overcome if financial institutions are able to assess firm- specific and general risks and offer innovative products. This as per my personal opinion can be achieved by the formal financial institutions even when the so called sound credit principles are applied in a firm-specific manner to suit individual borrowers. In order to obtain bank credit, SME loan applicant shall prepre an effective credit proposal ,in a way, that the financial institution could consider favourably. See more: Beowulf essay essay SMEs such as restaurants, lathe-work shops, brick-kilns, grocery stores, rice mills, factories and farming etc. need finance to purchase capital goods and raw materials, procure stocks, pay wages ,meet other working capital requirements and support expansion plans. Despite the efforts of the Government and support from the Ministry of Finance and Planning and the Central Bank of Sri Lanka by including SME as a priority sector and by providing refinance facilities , there continue to be a huge demand supply mismatch in SME financing. One of the major reasons for banks being unable to bridge this gap is the perceived credit risk involved in financing SMEs. This is primarily due to non-availability of proper accounting records, valid bills and working capital management etc. As at present,to mitigate such credit risks , banks typically look for enhanced collateral or equity , both of which cannot be brought in by most entrepreneurs . Further, due to small size and local presence of SMEs , the transaction costs involved in financing them are relatively very high. However, the good news is that wider credit distribution could be made to SME sector using modern secured transaction law ,introduced recently by the Secured transactions Act 2009, which recognizes utilization of movable assets of a business as collateral to obtain credit. Further the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka(CA Sri Lanka)in its capacity as the sole accounting standard setting authority in the country has introduced a simplified financial reporting standard for the benefit of the SMEs in the country. The reporting framework so far has been a general setoff accounting standards to be used by all organisations . In 2011 CA Sri Lanka published the Sri Lanka accounting standards for SMEs (SLFRS for SMEs) with effect from 1st January, 2012. By removing some accounting treatments permitted under full SLFRSs, eliminating topics and disclosure requirements that are not generally relevant to SMEs , and simplifying requirements for recognition and measurement, the SLFRS for SMEs reduces the volume of accounting treatments applicable to SMEs by more than 90% when compared with the full set of SLFRSs. SLFRS for SMEs would be applicable for the entities that do not have public accountability (listed companies) and publish general purpose financial statements for external users such as Banks and supplier creditors. This will greatly help SME entrepreneurs to access other organizations in a formal manner and enhance their businesses, once they commence practicing this accounting reporting procedure. In the face of the bank’s reluctance to lend for want of proper accounting records , these enterprises are compelled to resort to high cost, non-continuous financing from money lenders and other informal sources , or continue to operate at sub-scale. However when SMEs start practicing and using above two facilities ( provisions in the Secured Transactions Act 2009 and the simplified SME Accounting recording procedure) the problem of enjoying credit from formal institutions such as Banks will be greatly reduced. Risks faced by any business can be broadly classified as idiosyncratic or systemic. Idiosyncratic risks are specific to an enterprise , like skill of entrepreneur or location of business. Systemic risks on the other hand , are beyond the control of any enterprise Such risks make up the environment in which a business operates ,that is, the economic environment, social environment, fiscal environment etc.. Thus the systemic risk involves risks due to change in preference of customers, changes in economy and changes in tax structure etc. Therefore the key to financing any enterprise lies in the ability of the borrower submitting his credit proposal with relevant information necessary o financier to evaluate the loan applicant to manage the risks involved in the proposed business. High quality origination can help evaluate idiosyncratic risks specific to the enterprise, well. Traditional form of risk mitigation is to cushion the risks with as much as equity from the entrepreneur. A high quality local financier with geography and business specific information about such enterprises in the operational area will be able to evaluate and manage this risk well and will demand less equity to be brought in by the entrepreneurs. Systemic risks, however, are quite different from the firm-specific risks and are arising out of the changes taking place in the market characteristics. It affect the business in every aspect and as such is huge and no amount of equity is sufficient when the financier is uncertain about an enterprise selling anything at all in the environment where demand patterns and economic situations can change very quickly. Therefore particularly in financing procurement of capital goods for long periods ,the banks search for cues to establish that the business has a current and future ability to service loans, even in an uncertain business environment. Hence in financing acquisition of capital goods it takes the form of project evaluation , however small is the business. Such situations can be managed by local bank branch which is quite familiar with the market environment of the locality. Thus the turnover and the other financials can be projected by the local bank branch staff in a more realistic manner using their knowledge in customer preferences and scale of demand in the area. This helps banks to reduce the risk involved in project loan type term finance. Further more flexible and innovative evaluation techniques have to be used in considering term loans for SMEs. However, SME enterprises that have large number of cash transactions , poor record of sales, produce undifferentiated goods and lack known usual clients , assessment of systemic risk becomes very difficult. Such challenges, however, can be addressed through structures , that allow financiers to trap cash flows by imposing conditions in the loan offer letter that permit resorting to a stronger and well established sales pattern in a supply chain. Some ways of financing working capital needs of SME businesses are supply chain financing where a supplier and a buyer have maintained books of accounts properly can be financed. For example , small enterprises that manufacture and supply sauces, jam and the like to large enterprises such as supermarkets can be financed if their cash flows are reconciled with bills , or by obtaining a collateral /guarantee from the company to which it supplies. Banks also can finance similar transactions of SMEs by discounting Bills of Exchange drawn by the supplier( SME entrepreneur ) and accepted by the large enterprise to which supplies have been made. This provides part of necessary working capital needs of the enterprise enabling it to continue production at an enhanced scale.